Kepentingan Mesir Menolak Meratifikasi Kesepakatan Cooperation Framework Agreement (Cfa) Mengenai Aturan Pengelolaan Sungai Nil

This research describe about Egypts Interest to refused to ratify Cooperation Framework Agreement (CFA) about the rule of Management in Nile River. Nile River is Longest river in africa. And Shared by eleven countries. Nile River is primary water source of Egypt. Before CFA Exist, there was a nile river agreement signed by British Colonial and Egypt in 1929. This agreement ensured that Egypt would maintain its historic right of the Niles water,and allocated all water from the Nile to Egypt with no diversion allowed by upstream riparians. In 1959, Egypt and Sudan renegotiated their Nile sharing agreement Sudan recognized historical rights over nile River for Egypt and maintain their monopoly over the waters of the Nile, the 1959 treaty does not include any of the remaining upstream riparian countries and it forbids them from using the water or constructing any obstructions in Nile River. In 1999 First Organisation Nile riparian Countries, Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) Was Formed By 9 Nile Riparian Coutries. The main objective of the NBI was formed a cooperative framework agreement the Nile riparians countries and replace 1929 and 1959 agreement.Unfortunenately Egypt and Sudan Refused to ratify CFA Agreement.The theory that applied in this research is Realism and Level analysis in this research is State Level Analysis, researcher also use theory from about National Interest.The study found that the reason Egypt refused to ratify CFA Agreement are first,Egypt is dowstream nile riparians and has hot desert climate so Egypt depend on Nile River. Egypt Worry that CFA Agreement will allow upstream Nile riparian to diversion and build construction Nile and will impact to Nile River in Egypt. Second CFA dont recognize Egypts historical right over Nile River and contradict Egypts constitution.Third EgyptEconomy depends on Nile river so Egypt Worry that CFA Agreement will allow upstream Nile riparian to diversion and build construction Nile and will impact to EgyptEconomy. Fourth, Nile River Issue is Security issue for Egypt. Almost all Egyptian citizen depend on Nile River, Egypt worry CFA agreement will impact to almost all Egyptian citizen.Keywords : Nile River,Nile Basin Initiative,CFA,National Interest,Egyp

Climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia

Climate change / Hydrology / River basins / Runoff / Precipitation / Models / Dams / Operating policies / Water power / Drought / Analysis / Africa / Ethiopia / Egypt / Sudan / Upper Blue Nile River Basin

Hydronomic zones for developing basin water conservation strategies

Water conservation / River basins / Groundwater / Case studies / Irrigation / Water management / Water use efficiency / Sri Lanka / India / Egypt / Turkey / Kirindi Oya / Nile River / Bhakra Irrigation System / Gediz Basin

The Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam: A Window of Opportunity or a Door for Exclusion?

The Nile River is one of the longest rivers in the world that flows through 11 countries. The Blue Nile River is a tributary to the Nile River, which starts from the highland of Ethiopia and contributes around 85% of water flow to the Nile that flows upstream into the Mediterranean Sea. With the aims to solve the water problem and enhance their development, the Ethiopian government started building the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Blue Nile River in 2011. Since this river is a tributary to the Nile River, many spectators questioned how Ethiopia has the jurisdiction to build a dam over a river that is transnational. There have been various legislation agreements established, but very few have had significant impact to lessen the tension. Most notably, to solidify each country’s adequate supply, the UN adopted the Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses in 1997, which attempted to set standards around the usage and conservation of watercourses. Though this convention can help resolve the geopolitical tension over the GERD’s construction on the Nile River, it does not solve the question of Ethiopia’s right to build a dam that could impact other countries water supply. Therefore, in 1999, the Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) grants each country that the Nile River flows through, the right to adequately use the Nile\u27s water supply. However, Egypt is one of the countries that originally did not sign the CFA. The Nile is Egypt’s primary source for freshwater. Egypt’s main concern is since their population continues to grow, their freshwater supply will deplete. Though it may be perceived to negatively impact Egypt, the GERD seems to benefit countries, especially Ethiopia and Sudan, in terms of economic development. Hence, I am to explore how the GERD will benefit and restrict Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt’s commercial growth. I will also explore journal articles and media sources to further analyze the complex geopolitical situation in northeastern Africa.https://ecommons.udayton.edu/stander_posters/2446/thumbnail.jp

Summary of CPWF research in the Nile river basin

Three major river basins flow out of Ethiopia into Sudan, constituting the Eastern Nile basin (the White Nile flows from the south). These are the Tekeze-Atbara flowing out of northern Ethiopia, the Baro-Akoba- Sobat flowing from southern Ethiopia, and the Blue Nile (Abay) sandwiched between the other two. The Blue Nile Basin, called the Abay in Ethiopia, is the largest branch of the Nile draining the Ethiopian highlands. It covers an estimated area of 311,437 square kilometers and is shared by Ethiopia and Sudan. It joins the White Nile in Khartoum, Sudan. The Ethiopian highlands portion of the Blue Nile river basin was the focus of the Nile Basin Development Challenge under the Challenge Program on Water and Food

The Nile Question: The Accords on the Water of the Nile and Their Implications on

Some authorities identify the Nile basin as one of the hotspots in an area where violent conflict could break out over the shared water resource because of the various hydropolitical intricacies it involves. Mounting demands for more water, an alarming population growth rate, the absence of comprehensive legal and institutional frameworks, and relations among the riparian states that are marred with suspicion and misunderstanding, are among the major factors creating the potential for an extreme conflict in the basin. To date, the Basin states have not been able to cooperate in order to devise a solution to the issue of the Nile – the utilisation and management of Nile water for the benefit of all riparian states. One of the impediments to such a solution, is the absence of a basinwide agreement. Although there have been various agreements over the Nile River, none of these has involved more than three states. The accords constitute one of the hurdles in the path towards cooperation. This article reviews the main agreements which have decided control over the Nile, their traits, and the implications for cooperative schemes in the basin. It also examines the current promising initiative, the Nile Basin Initiative, as a possible way forward to reach comprehensive cooperation. The article does not examine all the problems enveloping the Nile basin. It limits itself to the legal aspects of the questions of the Nile and proposes appropriate approaches to accords on the water of the Nile. Further, it concentrates on three countries, Egypt, the Sudan and Ethiopia, which are considered to be central actors in the Nile issues and deals with the accords involving them, or concluded on their behalf, during the colonial period

International Water Rights on the White Nile of the New State of South Sudan

The birth of South Sudan falls directly in the demarcation zone of the rivalry between downstream and upstream riparian states on the waters of the Nile River. The downstream states—Egypt and Sudan—stress their “natural and historic” rights to the entire flow of the Nile based on the 1959 Nile Agreement and older colonial treaties, while the upstream African states refuse to be bound by colonial treaties and claim their equitable share of the Nile River by promoting South Sudan’s accession to the Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA). The Nile River Basin lacks an international binding water agreement that includes and satisfies all the riparian states. This Article analyzes the status quo of South Sudan’s water rights to the Nile River by addressing the following questions: Is the new state bound by any rights and obligations established by the 1959 Nile Agreement? Is it advantageous for South Sudan to accede to the CFA, which provides for modern principles of international water law? The Article applies the customary international law of state succession to South Sudan’s secession from Sudan to determine if the 1959 Nile Agreement is binding between the two states. It concludes that South Sudan succeeded Sudan with regard to territorial rights and obligations established by the 1959 Nile Agreement, as customary international law recognizes that legal obligations of a territorial nature remain unaffected by state succession. South Sudan should enter into negotiations on a binding water agreement to allocate the 18.5 billion cubic meters of water granted to it under the 1959 Nile Agreement. The Article concludes that South Sudan should accede to the CFA within its allotted portion of the Nile waters under the 1959 Nile Agreement

Sediment Balance in the Blue Nile in Sudan

The Blue Nile is one of the two main tributaries of the Nile River. It originates in the Ethiopian Plateau. The Blue Nile water plays an important role in the economic development of Sudan in terms of irrigated agricultural development and hydropower generation. The average annual flow of the Blue Nile is 50 billion cubic meters, 80% of it occurs during the flood season (July – October). During the flood season the river brings down large amounts of sediment estimated as 146 million tons per year. The sediment material originates mainly from heavy erosion in the upper catchment area in Ethiopia. The Blue Nile system within Sudan includes two reservoirs, Roseires and Sennar, and two tributaries, viz. Dinder and Rahad. Sennar and Roseires reservoirs have already lost 65% and 34% of their initial storage capacities due to sedimentation, respectively. The Blue Nile sediment in Sudan is monitored at a number of stations scattered along its length. The sediment concentrations vary during the flood season and from year to year. The sediment load is also variable along the river length due to deposition in the river channel, trapping in the reservoirs, diversion to irrigated schemes and inputs from tributaries. In this paper the sediment trap efficiency of each reservoir is calculated using bathymetric survey data. The current trap efficiency of Roseires and Sennar reservoirs is found to be 17% and 5%, respectively. The average annual sediment diverted to Gezira Scheme is 8.5x106 tons. The spatial sediment distribution along the Blue Nile is given at key river nodes. Upstream and downstream each reservoir and at Gezira canals’ off-takes and at its confluence with the White Nile. The annual average sediment contribution of the Blue Nile to the Main Nile is found to be 143x106 tons. The paper also reviews the main characteristics of the Blue Nile sediment that affect its transport and deposition. &nbsp

International Policies and Conventions on International Rivers and the Rights of Ethiopia to Construct Dam on Nile River: The Case of the Great Renaissance Dam of Ethiopia

Sustainable transboundary water resources managements are challenged by water governance problem. Equitable and reasonable use of water resources shared by co-basin countries requires reliable common agreements. International water laws such as UN Watercourses (1997), Helsinki Rules (1966) have provided vital legal instruments for effective management and negotiation over international water courses. However, Nile River use and development has challenged for last several decades due to discriminatory bilateral agreements made during colonial periods. The Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA) provided to achieve equitable use of Nile River and promote regional socioeconomic development is important step advancing to stop unfair water allocation and claim in the region. The enduring claim over water share and use by Egypt and Sudan referring colonial era agreements are unacceptable because they denied legal and natural rights of the upstream countries as well as opposed international water law. With this respect, Ethiopia has natural and legal right to construct Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam. The downstream countries (Egypt and Sudan) should ratify CFA and respect international water laws. Therefore, mutually acceptable cooperative commitment amongst the riparian states of the Nile basin is the only necessary condition for promoting sustainable use and development Nile River as well as achieving peace and security in the Nile river basin. Keywords: UN Watercourses, Helsinki Rules, Nile River basin, downstream countries, international water law principles DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/83-02 Publication date:June 30th 202